Beneath the surface of every continent and ocean, rock flows in slow, ancient currents that have shaped the world above for billions of years — yet this history has remained largely inaccessible to science. Researchers at the University of Tsukuba have now demonstrated that artificial intelligence, when disciplined by the physical laws governing heat and fluid motion, can reconstruct hidden patterns of mantle convection from only fragmentary surface observations. Tested in controlled simulations where the true answer was already known, the method recovered temperature and flow histories that n