Finland has done what most health systems have not: it has asked not merely how long its people live, but how fully they are able to inhabit those years. Researchers at the University of Eastern Finland surveyed thousands of adults and built a new measure—productivity-adjusted life expectancy—that counts not only paid labor but the unpaid work of caregiving, homemaking, and daily life that sustains society yet disappears from economic ledgers. The finding that Finns function at roughly 77 percent of full capacity, and that a lifetime of eighty years yields only forty-three to forty-six truly p