Brazil's Supreme Court signals majority support for wealth tax legislation

The tax system remains unconstitutional, not merely unjust
Justice Dino argued that Brazil's regressive taxation structure violates the Constitution's explicit demand for progressive taxation.

Por quase seis anos, uma exigência constitucional brasileira permaneceu letra morta: o poder de tributar grandes fortunas, inscrito na Carta Magna, nunca foi convertido em lei pelo Congresso. O Supremo Tribunal Federal reuniu agora maioria para declarar essa omissão inconstitucional — um momento em que o guardião da Constituição confronta o silêncio do legislador. A decisão não cria o imposto, mas coloca diante da nação uma pergunta que transcende a técnica jurídica: quando uma democracia ignora seus próprios pactos fundamentais, quem a reconduz ao caminho?

  • Seis dos sete ministros que já votaram reconhecem que o Congresso descumpriu um dever constitucional expresso ao não regulamentar o imposto sobre grandes fortunas em mais de três décadas.
  • O ministro Flávio Dino foi além: classificou o sistema tributário regressivo do Brasil não apenas como injusto, mas como diretamente inconstitucional, por violar o princípio da capacidade contributiva.
  • A corte se divide sobre o remédio — cinco ministros rejeitam fixar prazo para o Congresso agir, enquanto Dino defende uma janela de 24 meses, expondo a tensão entre pressão institucional e deferência ao legislativo.
  • O julgamento, travado por anos após um pedido de destaque do ministro Gilmar Mendes, finalmente avança no plenário presencial, sinalizando que a maioria é sólida e dificilmente será revertida.
  • Sem prazo vinculante, a eficácia da decisão dependerá da vontade política do Congresso — e da capacidade do tribunal de exercer autoridade moral onde não dispõe de mecanismo coercitivo imediato.

O Supremo Tribunal Federal caminhou para uma decisão histórica: reconhecer que o Congresso brasileiro violou a Constituição ao deixar sem regulamentação o imposto sobre grandes fortunas. Seis ministros já votaram nesse sentido — Marco Aurélio Mello, Flávio Dino, Cristiano Zanin, Kássio Nunes Marques, Dias Toffoli e Cármen Lúcia. Apenas Luiz Fux divergiu. A ação foi proposta pelo Partido Socialista Brasileiro em 2019, mas a questão é mais antiga: a Constituição de 1988 autoriza expressamente a União a tributar grandes fortunas mediante lei complementar. Essa lei jamais foi editada.

O ponto de consenso entre os ministros é claro: cabe ao legislador, não ao tribunal, definir alíquotas, base de cálculo e critérios do imposto. O STF não está criando tributo — está declarando uma omissão. A divergência surge no campo do remédio. A maioria entende que não deve ser fixado prazo para o Congresso agir. Dino, isolado nesse ponto, propôs uma janela de 24 meses, argumentando que a ausência do imposto não é mera lacuna política, mas uma inconstitucionalidade ativa: o sistema tributário regressivo contraria o princípio constitucional da capacidade contributiva.

O caso chegou ao plenário presencial após anos de espera, quando um pedido de destaque do ministro Gilmar Mendes suspendeu o rito eletrônico. Agora, com a maioria consolidada, o tribunal enviará um sinal ao Congresso. Se esse sinal será suficiente para mover o legislativo — sem prazo, sem sanção imediata — é a pergunta que ficará em aberto. A decisão revela tanto o alcance quanto os limites do poder judicial diante da inércia política.

Brazil's Supreme Court has assembled a working majority to declare that Congress has violated the Constitution by failing to enact a wealth tax. Six justices have now voted in favor of recognizing this legislative omission—a significant moment in a case that has wound through the court system for nearly six years.

The action originated with the Socialist Party of Brazil, which filed suit in 2019 arguing that a constitutional mandate sits dormant. The Constitution is explicit: the federal government has the power to levy a tax on large fortunes, to be defined by complementary law. No such law has ever been written. The party's position is straightforward—the Constitution's language on this point remains a dead letter, abandoned by the legislature.

The justices who have voted to recognize the omission are the rapporteur Marco Aurélio Mello, now retired, along with Flávio Dino, Cristiano Zanin, Kássio Nunes Marques, Dias Toffoli, and Cármen Lúcia. Only Luiz Fux has voted against acknowledging the breach. This alignment signals that the court's position is likely to hold.

Where the justices diverge is on remedy. All six agree that the specific terms of the tax—how it should be structured, what rates should apply, which assets should be covered—belong to the legislature, not the bench. But they split on whether the court should impose a deadline. Five justices, including Marco Aurélio, Kássio, Zanin, Toffoli, and Cármen, believe the court should not set a time limit for Congress to act. Dino stood alone in arguing for a 24-month window.

Dino's reasoning cuts to the heart of why this matters. He framed the issue not merely as a policy failure but as a constitutional injury. The tax system in Brazil, he observed, is regressive—it asks less of those with more and more of those with less. This is not simply inconvenient or wrong or unjust, he said. It is unconstitutional. The Constitution demands that taxes be graduated according to the principle of ability to pay. The absence of a wealth tax, in his view, represents a direct conflict with that express constitutional command.

The case has moved slowly. Marco Aurélio voted to recognize the omission back in 2021, but the proceedings stalled when Justice Gilmar Mendes requested a highlight—a procedural move that brought the matter before the full court in person rather than allowing it to proceed in panels. That delay has now ended, and the majority position is clear.

What happens next remains uncertain. The court has signaled that Congress has failed in a constitutional duty. Whether that signal translates into actual legislation depends on political will in the legislature—and on whether the court's moral authority, without a firm deadline attached, proves sufficient to move lawmakers to act. The justices have chosen to trust the political branches to respond to their judgment. Whether that trust is warranted will become apparent in the months and years ahead.

The regressivity of the tax system is not merely inconvenient, wrong, or unjust—it is unconstitutional, incompatible with the Constitution's requirement that taxes be graduated according to ability to pay
— Justice Flávio Dino
A Conversa do Hearth Outra perspectiva sobre a história
Inventor

Why did it take six years for the court to reach this point?

Model

The case was filed in 2019, but the rapporteur voted in 2021 and then another justice asked for the full court to hear it in person. That procedural request essentially paused everything until now.

Inventor

So the court is saying Congress broke the Constitution?

Model

Yes, but carefully. The majority says Congress failed to do something the Constitution explicitly requires. They're not saying how to do it—just that it must be done.

Inventor

Why did Dino want a 24-month deadline when the others didn't?

Model

He saw the regressive tax system as an active constitutional violation, not just an oversight. He wanted to force action rather than hope for it.

Inventor

Can the court actually force Congress to pass a law?

Model

Not directly. The court can declare an omission unconstitutional, but it can't write the law itself. The pressure comes from the ruling's moral weight.

Inventor

What does a wealth tax actually do?

Model

It taxes large fortunes directly. The idea is to make the overall system more progressive—asking more from those with greater ability to pay.

Inventor

Has Brazil tried this before?

Model

The Constitution has required it since 1988. Congress has simply never acted on it.

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