Sedentary lifestyle threatens brain health; experts urge learning and exercise

Neurological and psychiatric disorders affect approximately 21-24 million Spaniards (43% of population), representing the leading cause of disability and second leading cause of death in the country.
Without brain health, there is no health at all.
The foundational principle stated by neurology experts at a conference on brain disease prevention in Spain.

En Sitges, un grupo de neurocientíficos reunidos esta primavera ofreció un recordatorio tan antiguo como urgente: el cerebro, como cualquier organismo vivo, se deteriora sin uso. Frente a una España donde casi la mitad de la población convive con algún trastorno neurológico, la ciencia señala que entre el 40 y el 45 por ciento de los casos de demencia podrían prevenirse o retrasarse con cambios al alcance de cualquier persona. No se trata de una promesa médica distante, sino de una responsabilidad cotidiana que se ejerce —o se abandona— en las decisiones más pequeñas del día.

  • España soporta una carga neurológica superior a la media europea: 43 de cada 100 ciudadanos viven con algún trastorno cerebral, y estas enfermedades ya son la primera causa de discapacidad y la segunda de muerte en el país.
  • El sedentarismo —horas inmóviles en el sofá o en la cama— no es una pausa inocente, sino un factor de riesgo silencioso que acelera el deterioro cognitivo y eleva la probabilidad de desarrollar alzhéimer.
  • La evidencia acumulada es contundente: el ejercicio físico, la dieta mediterránea, el abandono del alcohol y el tabaco, y el contacto social real podrían evitar hasta la mitad de los ictus y retrasar casi la mitad de los casos de demencia.
  • Aprender algo nuevo —un idioma, un instrumento, un oficio— a cualquier edad activa mecanismos de protección cerebral cuyos beneficios se acumulan con el tiempo, independientemente de otros factores de riesgo.
  • La Sociedad Española de Neurología trabaja para traducir estos hallazgos en campañas de salud pública, pero el mensaje de los expertos es claro: las herramientas preventivas ya existen y no requieren tecnología ni medicación, solo decisión.

Esta primavera, un congreso celebrado en Sitges bajo el título «El cerebro, la última frontera» reunió a investigadores para debatir lo que la neurociencia sabe hoy sobre cómo proteger la mente —y lo que ocurre cuando no lo hacemos. El mensaje central fue tan sencillo como incómodo: el cerebro se marchita sin uso.

José Miguel Laínez, jefe de neurología del Hospital Universitario Casa de Salud de Valencia, expuso las pruebas con precisión clínica. Cuanto más se desafía al cerebro, menor es el riesgo de alzhéimer; si el deterioro llega, lo hace más despacio. El mecanismo protector no es misterioso: aprender algo nuevo —una lengua, un instrumento, un oficio— a cualquier edad parece ser el núcleo de esa protección, y sus beneficios se acumulan con los años.

Las medidas preventivas que Laínez describió no son novedosas, aunque el respaldo científico que las sostiene es hoy más sólido que nunca. La actividad física, la dieta mediterránea, el abandono del alcohol y el tabaco —que causa daño estructural al tejido cerebral— y el contacto social real, cara a cara, forman un conjunto de intervenciones que dista mucho de ser marginal. El noventa por ciento de los factores de riesgo del ictus son modificables, lo que podría evitar la mitad de los casos. Para la demencia, entre el 40 y el 45 por ciento de los casos podrían retrasarse o prevenirse con cambios de estilo de vida.

La urgencia del mensaje no es académica. En España, entre 21 y 24 millones de personas —cerca del 43 por ciento de la población— conviven con algún trastorno neurológico. Las enfermedades cerebrales son ya la primera causa de discapacidad en el país y la segunda de muerte, según la estrategia de salud mental del Sistema Nacional de Salud de 2023. La Sociedad Española de Neurología trabaja para convertir estos hallazgos en políticas públicas concretas.

Lo que Sitges dejó claro es que la prevención no es solo posible: es urgente. Una vida sedentaria acumula consecuencias en silencio hasta que se vuelven visibles como pérdida. La alternativa no exige medicamentos ni cirugía, solo la capacidad —que la mayoría ya posee— de aprender, moverse, conectar y elegir de otro modo mañana.

A gathering of neuroscientists in Sitges this spring made a straightforward case: the brain, like any living thing, withers without use. The conference, organized by pharmaceutical company Lundbeck under the title "The Brain, the Final Frontier," brought together researchers to discuss what science now knows about keeping the mind sharp—and what happens when we don't.

José Miguel Laínez, head of neurology at Hospital Universitario Casa de Salud in Valencia, laid out the evidence with clinical precision. The more you challenge your brain, the lower your risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. If cognitive decline does arrive, it comes slower. This protective effect holds true even when accounting for other health risks. The mechanism isn't mysterious: learning something new, at any age, appears to be the core of the protection. What counts as learning varies person to person—a language, an instrument, a craft—but the pattern is consistent. Start now, and the benefits compound across years.

The preventive measures Laínez outlined are not new, though the weight of evidence behind them has grown substantial. Physical activity matters. The Mediterranean diet has what he called "overwhelming scientific evidence" supporting it. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is non-negotiable; alcohol causes structural damage to brain tissue, and in heavy users, measurable shrinkage of the organ itself. Real social connection—face-to-face, not through screens—protects cognition in ways that remain only partially understood. Together, these interventions are not marginal. Ninety percent of the risk factors for stroke can be modified, potentially preventing half of all cases. For dementia, the evidence suggests that 40 to 45 percent of cases could be delayed or prevented entirely through lifestyle change.

Laínez co-authored a book on the subject with Jesús Porta, drawing on clinical experience and peer-reviewed research. The Spanish Society of Neurology is using these findings to shape public health campaigns. Yet the urgency behind the message is not academic. In Europe, brain diseases account for roughly 15 percent of years lived with disability and nearly 10 percent of annual deaths. Spain's burden is heavier. Between 21 and 24 million Spaniards—approximately 43 percent of the population—live with some form of neurological disorder. Psychiatric conditions affect nearly 29 percent. Together, these diseases are the leading cause of disability in the country and the second leading cause of death, according to the National Health System's 2023 mental health strategy.

The message from Sitges, then, is not that prevention is possible. It is that prevention is urgent, and that the tools are already in hand. A sedentary life—hours on the sofa, hours in bed—is not a neutral state. It is a choice with consequences that accumulate silently until they become visible as loss. The alternative requires no medication, no surgery, no technology beyond what most people already possess: the capacity to learn, to move, to connect, to choose differently tomorrow than today.

The more you challenge your brain, the lower your risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive decline, if it occurs, progresses more slowly.
— José Miguel Laínez, head of neurology, Hospital Universitario Casa de Salud, Valencia
La Conversación del Hearth Otra perspectiva de la historia
Inventor

Why does the brain need to be "enriched"? What's actually happening when someone learns something new?

Model

When you learn, you're building new neural pathways, creating connections between brain cells. The brain is like a muscle—use it in varied ways, and it strengthens. Neglect it, and it atrophies. The protection seems to come from that active engagement itself, not from what you're learning.

Inventor

So a sedentary person who watches television all day is at higher risk than someone who, say, takes a pottery class?

Model

Yes. The difference isn't about intelligence or education level. It's about whether your brain is being challenged. The pottery class involves learning motor skills, problem-solving, maybe social interaction. Television is passive. The brain isn't being asked to do anything new.

Inventor

The numbers from Spain are striking—43 percent of the population with neurological disorders. Is that worse than other countries?

Model

It appears to be. The European average is lower. Spain's burden is notably heavier, which is why the Spanish Society of Neurology is pushing these prevention messages now. They're looking at a public health crisis.

Inventor

If 90 percent of stroke risk factors are modifiable, why aren't we preventing half of all strokes?

Model

Because knowing what prevents disease and actually doing it are different things. People know they should exercise and eat well. But changing behavior at scale is harder than publishing research. That's the gap the experts are trying to close.

Inventor

Is there a point at which it's too late to start?

Model

No. The research shows that enriching your brain at any age provides benefit. You won't reverse damage that's already done, but you can slow decline and protect what remains. That's why the message is: start now, whatever your age.

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