Codelco and SQM to invest $3B in direct lithium extraction technology

Atacama is the test. If it works here, it could reshape how lithium is mined globally.
The Atacama Desert serves as the world's highest-stakes proving ground for unproven direct lithium extraction technology.

En uno de los desiertos más áridos del planeta, dos gigantes mineros chilenos apuestan tres mil millones de dólares a que la tecnología puede reconciliar la extracción de litio con la fragilidad del ecosistema que la alberga. Codelco y SQM, unidos bajo la razón social Novandino Litio, avanzan hacia la fase regulatoria de un proyecto que promete extraer litio del salar sin consumir el agua que escasea ni alterar el equilibrio hidrológico que sostiene la vida en la región. El Atacama se convierte así en el laboratorio más exigente del mundo para una tecnología que, de funcionar a escala comercial, podría redefinir los estándares ambientales de la minería del litio a nivel global.

  • La demanda global de baterías para vehículos eléctricos presiona a los productores de litio a extraer más y más rápido, pero los métodos tradicionales de evaporación en el Atacama están agotando recursos hídricos en una zona donde el agua es casi sagrada.
  • Comunidades indígenas y grupos ambientalistas llevan años denunciando el daño a los ecosistemas microbianos del salar, convirtiendo cada nueva inversión minera en un campo de tensión política y ecológica.
  • Novandino planea presentar su estudio de impacto ambiental en junio, un trámite que determinará si el proyecto Salar Futuro puede avanzar hacia la construcción a finales de esta década.
  • La tecnología DLE —que filtra el litio directamente de la salmuera y reinyecta el líquido agotado al acuífero— nunca ha operado a escala comercial en ningún lugar del mundo, lo que convierte este proyecto en una apuesta tan científica como financiera.
  • Si el sistema funciona y cumple sus promesas ambientales, podría exportarse como modelo a otros salares del mundo; si falla, retrasaría años el desarrollo de una alternativa más limpia a la minería convencional.

Codelco y SQM han unido fuerzas en una empresa conjunta llamada Novandino Litio para desplegar una tecnología de extracción directa de litio —conocida como DLE— en el Salar de Atacama, con una inversión que asciende a tres mil millones de dólares. Tras años de pruebas a pequeña escala, el proyecto ha completado su diseño comercial y se prepara para ingresar al proceso regulatorio chileno. Según Julio García, gerente ambiental de la compañía, el estudio de impacto ambiental se presentará en junio, con miras a iniciar la construcción a finales de la década y alcanzar operaciones plenas hacia mediados de los años 2030.

El impulso detrás de este cambio es tanto ambiental como estratégico. La minería tradicional en el Atacama bombea salmuera a la superficie y la deja evaporar en enormes pozas bajo el sol, un proceso lento que consume cantidades significativas de agua en una región donde ese recurso es crítico. Las comunidades indígenas y organizaciones ecologistas han cuestionado durante años el impacto de estas prácticas sobre los delicados ecosistemas del salar.

La tecnología DLE opera de manera distinta: utiliza nanofiltración y evaporación mecánica para separar el litio de la salmuera con mayor rapidez y, una vez procesada, reinyecta el líquido de vuelta al acuífero subterráneo. En teoría, esto preserva el balance hidrológico del salar. En la práctica, nadie lo ha demostrado todavía a escala industrial. García fue enfático al señalar que el éxito no se medirá solo en toneladas producidas, sino en la ausencia de daño ambiental verificable.

Novandino se constituyó a finales del año pasado, cuando SQM cedió el control mayoritario de sus activos de salmuera en Chile a la estatal Codelco a cambio de ampliar su capacidad operativa. El presupuesto de tres mil millones supera las estimaciones anteriores y, aunque aún no se ha tomado una decisión final de inversión, la trayectoria del proyecto apunta con claridad hacia adelante. Las pozas de evaporación no desaparecerán del todo —algunas seguirán operando para producir potasio y preconcentrar salmuera—, pero la extracción de agua dulce cesaría por completo. El Atacama, en suma, será el lugar donde se decida si la promesa de una minería de litio más limpia puede convertirse en realidad.

Two of Chile's largest mining companies are betting three billion dollars that a new way of pulling lithium from the ground will work where it matters most: in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth.

Codelco and SQM formed a joint venture called Novandino Litio to develop and deploy what the industry calls direct lithium extraction, or DLE. After years of laboratory work and small-scale testing, the partnership has finished designing a commercial-scale operation and is now moving toward the regulatory phase. Julio García, the company's environmental manager, said Novandino will submit its environmental impact assessment to Chilean authorities in June. If approved, construction on the project—internally named Salar Futuro—could begin in the late 2020s, with full operations running by the middle of the next decade.

The shift matters because traditional lithium mining in Atacama relies on evaporation ponds. Workers pump brine from beneath the salt flats to the surface, then let the sun and wind do the work, slowly concentrating the lithium as water disappears into the air. It is a slow process that consumes enormous quantities of water in a region where water is already scarce. The ecological cost has drawn criticism from environmental groups and indigenous communities who worry about damage to fragile microbial ecosystems that depend on precise hydrological balance.

DLE promises something different. The technology uses nanofiltration and mechanical evaporation to extract lithium more directly from the brine, then returns the depleted brine to the aquifer below. The cycle is faster and, in theory, gentler on the landscape. But it has never been proven at commercial scale anywhere in the world. Atacama is the test. If it works here, it could reshape how lithium is mined globally. If it fails, it could set back the technology by years.

García emphasized that success means more than hitting production targets. "It will be rigorously monitored to ensure not only that it delivers the recovery rates it promises, but that it generates no environmental impact," he said in an interview from Novandino's Santiago office. The reinjection component—sending the spent brine back underground—is central to that promise. It is also the part most difficult to verify and most vulnerable to failure.

Novandino was formed late last year after SQM agreed to hand over majority control of its Chilean brine assets to the state-owned Codelco in exchange for the right to expand its operations. The three-billion-dollar budget represents an increase from earlier estimates of more than two billion. The company has not yet made a final investment decision, though the trajectory suggests one is coming.

The new system would gradually replace the traditional evaporation ponds, though some would remain for potassium production and brine preconcentration. Eventually, the extraction of freshwater from the operation would stop entirely. It is an ambitious redesign of how one of the world's most important battery materials is sourced, driven by the urgent demand for lithium as electric vehicles proliferate and grid-scale battery storage expands. The Atacama Desert will show whether the promise can become reality.

It will be rigorously monitored to ensure not only that it delivers the recovery rates it promises, but that it generates no environmental impact.
— Julio García, environmental manager, Novandino Litio
A Conversa do Hearth Outra perspectiva sobre a história
Inventor

Why does it matter that this is happening in Atacama specifically, rather than somewhere else?

Model

Because Atacama is already the world's lithium heartland. If you can't make a new technology work in the place where lithium mining is most established and most scrutinized, you can't make it work anywhere. It's also the driest place on Earth, which means water is the constraint that forces innovation.

Inventor

The source mentions that DLE has never been proven at commercial scale. What does that gap actually mean for a company betting three billion dollars?

Model

It means they're not just building a mine—they're building a proof of concept that the entire industry is watching. If the reinjection fails, if the brine chemistry doesn't behave as modeled, if the lithium recovery rates fall short, they've lost billions and the technology gets shelved for a decade. That's why García kept emphasizing rigorous monitoring.

Inventor

Why would SQM agree to hand over majority control to Codelco?

Model

Because the regulatory and environmental pressure on lithium mining in Chile has become so intense that neither company could move forward alone. By partnering with the state-owned Codelco, SQM gained permission to expand elsewhere. It's a trade-off: lose control of your best asset to keep operating at all.

Inventor

The timeline shows construction in the late 2020s and full deployment by mid-2030s. That's a long wait.

Model

Yes, but that's actually fast for mining. They're compressing years of permitting and engineering into the next few years. The real constraint is environmental approval—they have to prove to regulators that this won't break the aquifer or the ecosystem. That's not something you can rush.

Inventor

What happens to the traditional evaporation ponds?

Model

They don't disappear overnight. Some stay for potassium production and to concentrate the brine before it enters the new system. But eventually, the freshwater extraction stops. That's the real win—not just faster lithium, but a closed loop that doesn't drain the desert.

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