Scientists discover why cancer cells can remain dormant for years

Most cancer deaths result from metastasis occurring years after initial diagnosis, making this dormancy mechanism critical to patient survival.
Cancer cells lock themselves asleep with their own chemistry
Researchers discovered that dormant tumor cells produce type III collagen to keep themselves in a sleeping state.

La mayoría de las muertes por cáncer no ocurren por el tumor original, sino por células que escapan silenciosamente y despiertan años después en órganos distantes. Un equipo del Hospital Mount Sinai en Nueva York ha descubierto el mecanismo que mantiene a esas células dormidas: la producción de colágeno tipo III, una especie de manto químico que las retiene en estado de hibernación. Publicado en Nature Cancer, este hallazgo no solo explica un misterio que la ciencia había ignorado durante décadas, sino que abre la posibilidad de mantener el cáncer dormido indefinidamente, transformando la forma en que entendemos la remisión.

  • La metástasis —no el tumor primario— es la principal causa de muerte por cáncer, y ocurre años después del diagnóstico inicial, cuando las células dormidas despiertan sin previo aviso.
  • Investigadores del Mount Sinai descubrieron que son las propias células cancerosas las que se mantienen dormidas al secretar colágeno tipo III en el tejido que las rodea, un mecanismo activo que nadie había identificado antes.
  • Cuando los niveles de ese colágeno caen, las células despiertan, se vuelven agresivas y comienzan a diseminarse; en ratones, reducir el colágeno desencadenó metástasis de forma predecible.
  • Al aumentar artificialmente el colágeno alrededor de células tumorales escapadas, los científicos lograron detener la progresión del cáncer y devolver las células a su estado de hibernación.
  • El colágeno podría convertirse en un biomarcador clínico para predecir recurrencias, y el hallazgo abre una nueva vía farmacológica: fármacos que no maten las células cancerosas, sino que las mantengan dormidas de forma permanente.

La mayoría de quienes mueren de cáncer no fallecen por el tumor original, sino por células que viajaron a otras partes del cuerpo y despertaron años más tarde. Durante décadas, la ciencia se preguntó por qué esas células podían permanecer dormidas tanto tiempo y qué las activaba. Un equipo del Hospital Mount Sinai en Nueva York, liderado por José Javier Bravo-Cordero, acaba de publicar en Nature Cancer una respuesta que cambia el enfoque de la pregunta.

Los investigadores descubrieron que las células cancerosas dormidas no son pasivas: producen activamente colágeno tipo III y lo secretan en el tejido que las rodea, creando una especie de manto químico que las mantiene en estado de hibernación. Cuando ese colágeno disminuye, las células despiertan y se vuelven agresivas. Para confirmarlo, el equipo utilizó microscopía intravital de dos fotones, una tecnología de vanguardia que les permitió observar en tiempo real cómo cambiaba la arquitectura del tejido alrededor de las células tumorales en ratones vivos. En muestras de pacientes, comprobaron que los niveles de colágeno pueden predecir si un tumor volverá a manifestarse.

Lo más prometedor es que el proceso puede revertirse: al aumentar artificialmente el colágeno alrededor de células que ya habían escapado del tumor original, los científicos lograron detener la progresión del cáncer y devolver esas células a la dormancia. Bravo-Cordero imagina un futuro con fármacos que induzcan y mantengan ese estado de hibernación, combinando tratamientos para prevenir tanto la recurrencia local como la metástasis distante.

Lo que distingue este trabajo es su cambio de perspectiva: mientras estudios anteriores buscaban qué despierta a las células dormidas, este revela cómo permanecen dormidas en primer lugar. En lugar de intentar eliminar cada célula cancerosa —una meta que ha demostrado ser esquiva—, los oncólogos podrían enfocarse en mantenerlas en hibernación permanente. Para quienes ya han superado un diagnóstico de cáncer, esa posibilidad podría marcar la diferencia entre la remisión y la recaída.

Most people who die of cancer do not die from the original tumor. They die years later, when cancer cells that have traveled to distant parts of the body suddenly wake up and multiply—a process called metastasis. For decades, researchers have puzzled over why these wandering cells can sleep for so long, and what finally stirs them awake. A team at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York has now found an answer, published this week in Nature Cancer, and it points toward a entirely new way to fight the disease.

The mystery centers on a simple question: How do cancer cells manage to stay dormant for years after leaving a tumor? The Mount Sinai researchers, led by José Javier Bravo-Cordero, discovered that dormant cells actively produce a substance called type III collagen, secreting it into the tissue around them. This collagen acts like a chemical blanket, keeping the cells in a sleeping state. When the levels of this collagen drop, the cells wake up. They become aggressive. They begin to spread.

To reach this conclusion, the team used cutting-edge imaging technology, including two-photon intravital microscopy, which allowed them to watch dormant tumor cells in living mice in real time. They could see how the architecture of the tissue surrounding the cancer cells changed as the cells went to sleep, and how it shifted again when they awakened. In patient samples, they confirmed that the amount of collagen present could serve as a predictor of whether a tumor would return or metastasize.

The implications are striking. If researchers can artificially increase the amount of type III collagen around cancer cells that have escaped a tumor, those cells can be forced back into dormancy. In mouse models, when scientists boosted collagen levels around cancer cells that had left the original tumor, the cancer's progression stopped. The scattered cells were locked back into their sleeping state.

Bravo-Cordero envisions a future in which this discovery leads to new drugs designed to keep cancer cells dormant indefinitely. He suggests that a combination of treatments—some that induce dormancy, others that maintain it—could eventually prevent both local recurrence and distant metastasis, potentially steering patients toward remission. The research also opens the door to a new biomarker: doctors could measure collagen levels in a patient's tissue to predict whether their cancer is likely to return.

What makes this work significant is that it answers a question previous research had largely ignored. Earlier studies focused on what wakes dormant cancer cells up. This research shows how they stay asleep in the first place. That shift in perspective could reshape how oncologists think about long-term cancer control. Instead of trying to kill every last cancer cell—a goal that has proven elusive—doctors might instead focus on keeping the cells that do escape in a permanent state of hibernation. For patients who have survived their initial cancer diagnosis, the possibility of preventing metastasis years down the line could mean the difference between remission and relapse.

A combination of treatments that induce dormancy could eventually prevent both local recurrence and distant metastasis, potentially steering patients toward remission
— José Javier Bravo-Cordero, Mount Sinai Hospital
La Conversación del Hearth Otra perspectiva de la historia
Inventor

Why does it matter that we understand dormancy? Couldn't we just focus on killing all the cancer cells in the first place?

Model

Because we can't kill them all. Cancer cells escape into the bloodstream and hide in distant tissues. We've known this for decades. The new piece is understanding what keeps them asleep—that's where the therapeutic opening is.

Inventor

So the collagen is like a lock, and when it's present, the cells stay locked?

Model

Exactly. The cells themselves produce the collagen. It's their own survival mechanism. When collagen levels drop, the lock opens and they wake up aggressive.

Inventor

Can you artificially maintain that lock? Is that what the mouse experiments showed?

Model

Yes. When researchers added more type III collagen around escaped cancer cells in mice, the cells stayed dormant. The cancer didn't progress. It's a proof of concept that you could potentially keep cells asleep indefinitely.

Inventor

What would that mean for a patient who's already had cancer?

Model

It could mean the difference between being cured and having the cancer return years later. Most cancer deaths happen because of metastasis—cells waking up in the lungs or liver or bone. If you could prevent that awakening, you prevent the death.

Inventor

Is this a treatment that exists now?

Model

No. This is foundational science. It explains the mechanism. Now researchers need to develop drugs that can maintain collagen levels or mimic what the collagen does. That's the next phase.

Contáctanos FAQ